Explore diamond and graphite, silicon(IV) oxide, ionic lattices and metallic bonding through a complete interactive question set.
22questions
194total marks
3 hsuggested time
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Easy Questions
Core concepts and straightforward applications.
31 marks
E1
Complete the structure table
6 marks
Extended Only
Type of structure
Particles present
Electrical conductivity of solid
Electrical conductivity of liquid
Example
Ionic
positive and negative ions
poor
Macromolecular
atoms of two different elements in a giant covalent structure
poor
poor
Metallic
good
copper
E2
Diamond and graphite
6 marks
Diamond and graphite are different forms of the same element, carbon. Explain each property in terms of structure.
(a) Graphite is soft and is used as a lubricant.2 marks
(b) Diamond is very hard and is used for drilling and cutting.2 marks
(c) Graphite is a good conductor of electricity and diamond is a poor conductor.2 marks
E3
Physical and chemical properties
6 marks
For each element, give one physical property and one chemical property.
(a) Bromine, Br2
(b) Carbon (graphite), C
(c) Manganese, Mn
E4
Structures of graphite and diamond
7 marks
Structures of graphite and diamond
(a) Explain in terms of its structure why graphite is soft and is a good conductor of electricity.3 marks
(b) State one use of graphite that depends on this property.1 mark
Separate ChemistryExtended Only
(c)(i) Describe the macromolecular structure of silicon(IV) oxide.1 mark
(c)(ii) Predict two physical properties that diamond and silicon(IV) oxide have in common.2 marks
E5
Metallic structure and bonding
6 marks
Part of the structures of caesium chloride and carbon dioxide
Extended Only
(a) Caesium is a metal. Describe two properties characteristic of most metals.2 marks
Extended Only
(b) Magnesium is a metal. Name and describe the bonding in magnesium.4 marks
Medium Questions
Multi-step explanations, interpretation and structure-property links.
87 marks
M1
Predicting properties of unfamiliar elements
6 marks
Extended Only
For each unfamiliar element, predict one physical and one chemical property.
(a) Caesium, Cs
(b) Vanadium, V
(c) Fluorine, F
M2
Identifying substances from property data
5 marks
Extended Only
Substance
Melting point / °C
Boiling point / °C
Conductivity as a solid
Conductivity as a liquid
A
839
1484
good
good
B
-188
-42
poor
poor
C
776
1497
poor
good
D
-117
78
poor
poor
E
1607
2227
poor
poor
F
-5
102
poor
good
M3
Carbon dioxide and silicon(IV) oxide
10 marks
Separate ChemistryExtended Only
(a) Complete the comparison table.4 marks
Property
Carbon dioxide
Silicon(IV) oxide
Formula
SiO2
Melting point / °C
-56
1610
Physical state at 25 °C
gas
Conduction of electricity
non-conductor
Structure
macromolecular
(b)(i) Name the type of bonds between atoms in silicon(IV) oxide.1 mark
(b)(ii) Explain why silicon(IV) oxide has a very high melting point.1 mark
(b)(iii) Explain, using attractive forces between particles, why carbon dioxide has a very low melting point.1 mark
(b)(iv) Explain, in terms of particles, why carbon dioxide is a non-conductor.1 mark
Separate Chemistry Only
(c)(i) Name the type of reaction that produces carbon dioxide from fossil fuels.1 mark
(c)(ii) Name the process in which green plants convert carbon dioxide into carbohydrates.1 mark
M4
Period 3 structures and bonding
17 marks
Element
Na
Mg
Al
Si
P
S
Cl
Ar
Outer electrons
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Oxidation state
+1
+2
+3
+4/-4
-3
-2
-1
0
Melting point / °C
98
650
660
1414
317
115
-101
-189
Separate ChemistryExtended Only
(a) Describe and explain the variation in oxidation state across the period.3 marks
Extended Only
(b) The first three elements are metals. Describe the structure of a typical metal.3 marks
(c) Explain why Na, Mg and Al are good conductors of electricity.1 mark
(d) Which element exists as diatomic molecules of the type X2?1 mark
(e) Silicon has a structure similar to diamond. Explain why silicon has the highest melting point in the period.2 marks
(f) Explain why sodium chloride is a high-melting crystalline solid that gives a neutral aqueous solution, while phosphorus trichloride is a room-temperature liquid that reacts with water to form an acidic solution.2 marks
(g) Describe how to show that magnesium oxide is basic rather than amphoteric.2 marks
Extended Only
(h) Draw a dot-and-cross diagram for magnesium oxide. Show outer electrons only.3 marks
Draw with mouse, pen or touch
M5
Using physical property evidence
11 marks
Substance
Melting point / °C
Boiling point / °C
Conductivity of solid
Conductivity of liquid
A
-7
59
poor
poor
B
1083
2567
good
good
C
755
1387
poor
good
D
43
181
poor
poor
E
1607
2227
poor
poor
Worked example: Covalent and solid at 25 °C: D. Its melting point is above room temperature; its low melting point and lack of liquid conductivity indicate a covalent substance.
Choose a substance for each description and justify the choice using evidence from the table. A substance may be used once, more than once or not at all.
(a) Giant covalent structure3 marks
(b) Metal2 marks
(c) Liquid at room temperature3 marks
(d) Ionic solid3 marks
M6
Silicon(IV) oxide and diamond
9 marks
Separate ChemistryExtended Only
(a)(i) Describe the structure of silicon(IV) oxide.3 marks
(a)(ii) State three properties shared by silicon(IV) oxide and diamond.3 marks
(a)(iii) How could you show that silicon(IV) oxide is acidic and not basic or amphoteric?2 marks
(b) Explain why the physical properties of carbon dioxide differ from those of diamond and silicon(IV) oxide.1 mark
M7
Germanium compounds
9 marks
Germanium is in Group IV. Its electron distribution is 2 + 8 + 18 + 4, and it has oxidation states of +2 and +4. It forms saturated hydrides similar to alkanes.
(a)(i) Draw the structural formula of the hydride containing three germanium atoms per molecule.1 mark
Structure drawing
(a)(ii) Predict the general formula of the germanium hydrides.1 mark
(b) Draw a dot-and-cross diagram for one molecule of germanium(IV) chloride, GeCl4. Use o for chlorine electrons and x for germanium electrons.2 marks
Dot-and-cross diagram
Separate ChemistryExtended Only
(c) Describe the structure of giant covalent germanium(IV) oxide, GeO2, which is similar to silicon(IV) oxide.3 marks
(d) Is the change GeCl2 to GeCl4 reduction, oxidation or neither? Give a reason.2 marks
M8
Silicon carbide and germanium hydrides
11 marks
Silicon carbide has a macromolecular structure similar to diamond.
(a)(i) Silicon carbide reinforces aluminium alloys used in spacecraft. Suggest three physical properties.3 marks
(a)(ii) Complete the structure description: each carbon atom is bonded to four ______ atoms; each silicon atom is bonded to ______ carbon atoms.2 marks
Separate ChemistryExtended Only
(b) Germanium(IV) oxide has the same macromolecular structure as silicon(IV) oxide. Draw its structural formula.3 marks
Structural formula
(c)(i) Draw the structural formula of the hydride containing four germanium atoms per molecule.1 mark
Structure drawing
(c)(ii) Predict the products of its complete combustion.2 marks
M9
Data and particle structures
3 marks
(a) The properties of five alkenes at room temperature are shown. Using only the table, suggest why the densities of the first three alkenes are much lower than those of pentene and hexene.1 mark
Alkene
Carbon atoms per molecule
State at room temperature
Density / g cm-3
Boiling point / °C
ethene
2
gas
0.0012
-104
propene
3
gas
0.0018
-47
butene
4
gas
0.0024
pentene
5
liquid
0.64
30
hexene
6
liquid
0.67
63
(b) Which structure, A, B, C, D or E, is used in cutting tools?1 mark
Structures A-E
(c) Use the diagram to explain why graphite is used as a lubricant.1 mark
(a) State which substance is a macromolecular solid.1 mark
(b) Name two forms of carbon with giant covalent structures.2 marks
Extended Only
(c) Magnesium is a metal. Describe the structure and bonding of metals. Include a labelled diagram.3 marks
Labelled metallic structure
Hard Questions
Extended reasoning, calculations, synthesis and unfamiliar contexts.
76 marks
H1
Fullerenes
10 marks
In 1985, fullerenes were discovered. They are solid forms of carbon. The structure of C60 is shown.
C60 fullerene
(a)(i) In C60, how many other carbon atoms is each carbon atom bonded to?1 mark
(a)(ii) Another fullerene has a relative molecular mass of 840. How many carbon atoms are in one molecule?1 mark
(b) Fullerenes dissolve in liquid hydrocarbons such as octane; other solid forms of carbon do not. Describe how to obtain fullerene crystals from soot containing fullerenes and other carbon forms.3 marks
Extended Only
(c)(i) Which other solid form of carbon is a good electrical conductor?1 mark
(c)(ii) Explain why metals such as potassium conduct electricity well.2 marks
(c)(iii) Name two potassium compounds that could form when potassium is exposed to unpolluted air.2 marks
H2
Silicon turbine engine
11 marks
Extended Only
A button-sized turbine engine might replace batteries. The engine would be built from silicon and run on a small pack of jet fuel.
(a) What other chemical is needed to burn the fuel?1 mark
(b)(i) Silicon has the same macromolecular structure as diamond. Explain why one atom of either element forms four covalent bonds.2 marks
(b)(ii) Predict two physical properties of silicon.2 marks
(b)(iii) Name another element with a similar structure and properties.1 mark
Separate Chemistry
(c)(i) Balance the carbon reduction equation.1 mark
SiO2 + C → Si + CO
(c)(ii) Explain why silicon(IV) oxide is reduced.1 mark
(c)(iii) Describe the structure of silicon(IV) oxide. You may use a diagram.3 marks
Optional structure diagram
H3
Three types of giant structure
14 marks
(a) Sodium nitride is ionic. Draw the formula, ionic charges and valence-electron arrangement around the negative ion. Use x for a sodium electron and o for a nitrogen electron.3 marks
Ionic dot-and-cross diagram
(b)(i) Describe metallic bonding.3 marks
(b)(ii) Use these ideas to explain why metals conduct electricity and are malleable.3 marks
Separate ChemistryExtended Only
(c)(i) Describe the structure of silicon(IV) oxide. A diagram is not acceptable.3 marks
(c)(ii) Give two physical properties common to diamond and silicon(IV) oxide.2 marks
H4
Carbon and silicon structures
13 marks
(a)(i) Explain why diamond is very hard.2 marks
(a)(ii) Give one use of diamond.1 mark
(a)(iii) Explain why graphite is soft.2 marks
(a)(iv) Give one use of graphite.1 mark
Separate ChemistryExtended Only
(b)(i) Draw the valence-electron arrangement in one carbon dioxide molecule. Use o for carbon electrons and x for oxygen electrons.3 marks
Carbon dioxide dot-and-cross diagram
(b)(ii) Use the silicon(IV) oxide diagram to explain why the formula is SiO2, not SiO4.2 marks
Section of the macromolecular structure of silicon(IV) oxide
(b)(iii) Predict two differences in the physical properties of carbon dioxide and silicon(IV) oxide.2 marks
H5
Germanium, graphite and oxides
9 marks
(a) Germanium has a diamond-type structure. Describe its structure; a diagram is acceptable.2 marks
Optional germanium structure
(b)(i) Explain why graphite is soft and a good electrical conductor.3 marks
(b)(ii) Give a use of graphite that depends on one of these properties.1 mark
Separate ChemistryExtended Only
(c)(i) Give the formulae of carbon dioxide and silicon(IV) oxide.1 mark
(c)(ii) How are their structures different?2 marks
H6
Lead, metallic bonding and basic lead carbonate
8 marks
Lead is malleable and resistant to corrosion. It rapidly becomes coated with protective basic lead carbonate. Its metallic structure is a lattice of lead ions surrounded by a sea of mobile electrons.
Extended Only
(a)(i) Explain why attractive forces exist in a metallic structure.2 marks
(a)(ii) Explain why a metal such as lead is malleable.2 marks
(b) Basic lead(II) carbonate is heated in the apparatus. Silica gel often contains anhydrous cobalt(II) chloride, which changes from blue to pink when it absorbs water. Suggest a reason for including it.1 mark
Heating basic lead(II) carbonate and testing the products
Separate ChemistryExtended Only
(c) Basic lead(II) carbonate has formula xPbCO3.yPb(OH)2. Determine x and y from the data.3 marks
PbCO3 → PbO + CO2 Pb(OH)2 → PbO + H2O
Heating produced 2.112 g CO2 and 0.432 g H2O. M(CO2) = 44 g mol-1; M(H2O) = 18 g mol-1.
H7
Zinc extraction and metallic bonding
11 marks
Zinc blende, ZnS, is changed into zinc oxide, which is reduced to impure zinc by carbon.
Extended Only
(a)(i) How is zinc oxide obtained from zinc sulfide?2 marks
(a)(ii) Write a balanced equation for reducing zinc oxide with carbon.1 mark
(a)(iii) Cadmium is the major impurity. Zinc boils at 907 °C and cadmium at 767 °C. Name a technique to separate the metals.2 marks
(b)(i) Give two other uses of zinc.2 marks
(b)(ii) Describe metallic bonding in zinc and explain why zinc conducts electricity well.4 marks
